Comprehensive Case Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thorough Case Analysis - Research Paper Example In this way they need to teach, incorporate and even hold a quickly changing and different working populace. In the event that I were goldstone, I would have likewise taken a similar move thinking about the expanded instances of passings from HIV/AIDS representatives (Nkomo, Fottler, and MacAfee, 2008). Nonetheless, I would come into an accord with the groups of the workers to guarantee that we share the expenses. This case has facilitated my speculation on HR the board. It has caused me to comprehend that there are moral contemplations engaged with business choices and it is upon the human asset division to figure out what the organization is competent to offer. This is thinking about the company’s accessible assets and its objectives and goals. As a human services chief, this case has caused me to understand the significance of a sound workforce in an association. It is significant for an association to put resources into the wellbeing of its laborers to guarantee that they expand on their potential in this manner expanding on their efficiency. Also, a solid workforce guarantees that an association cuts on costs and accomplishes its objectives and destinations (Burke and Cooper,

The importance of researching topics and outlining

Data is viewed as a significant viewpoint in the everyday dynamic whether by an individual or an organization. All things considered, correspondence has a significant part to play in guaranteeing that data streams starting with one gathering then onto the next. In particular, the decision of the methods for correspondence is crucial for any association (Caroline 8).Advertising We will compose a custom evaluation test on The significance of examining themes and laying out explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations thusly put a solid significance on how data is being dispersed among the diverse inner correspondence focuses inside the association. This paper examines the significance of inquiring about themes and illustrating in getting ready composed and oral correspondence. Each correspondence focuses to convey data in the most exact way. The initial phase in guaranteeing astounding correspondence is inquiring about on the issue (Glase and Strauss 36). Recogn izing the difficult helps address the theme absent a lot of stray. It likewise gives rules on the blueprint of the introduction (Julia 3). Having a blueprint helps in imparting in a successful way since the data is organized in various areas, for example, presentation, body, and end. Most business issues as a rule involve doing a lot of research in order to guarantee that the point being tended to is given an all encompassing methodology (Caroline 7). Different choices, for example, to extend, move from specific markets or keep up business as usual, or even the interior choices, for example, to recruit more workforce, save representatives, or to even to cut on costs require investigate on their plausibility. These choices are then introduced in a composed way having thought about all the pertinent data. Research has been characterized as the demonstration of returning to a zone of enthusiasm with a point of making further disclosures on the theme. In this way, it is significant reco rded as a hard copy process in a few different ways. It offers more data of the past inquires about done, showing the level of relationship between's the past research and the ebb and flow one. It additionally helps in the creative cycle since it gives a record of what has been reasonably discovered by different specialists on the equivalent or a related subject (Julia 6). Doing research is in this way a fundamental demonstration that guarantees that the creative cycle isn't just finished yet in addition legitimate. Research constantly decided the nature of the completed work. It is from look into that the discoveries and derivations are drawn. The last bit of the introduction is the most significant part of research since it offers the perspectives on the specialist just as the proposals. It is significant additionally on the grounds that it is gives the target group the materials from which the educated choices are made.Advertising Looking for evaluation on training? We should che ck whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The last item is hence the composed piece or the introduction. It ought to be noted with extraordinary exactness that the last introduction ought to be as precise as could reasonably be expected. This is on the grounds that it is the main legitimate source whereupon choices are made. While singular settle on ignorant choices from their emotional personalities, investigate for the most part offers reasonable sources whereupon balanced and target choices are made (Glase and Strauss 48). This is critical to any person who is settling on a choice that influences more than one individual. In introducing an up and coming bit of introduction, this procedure will be helpful in guaranteeing that the introduction is done in a sorted out way. The initial step is guaranteeing away from of past explores on the subject just as having the real factors before doing the introduction. At that point the introduction ought to h ave a very much reported support of the substance so utilized lastly a finish of the theme giving derivations and if vital, the proposals. Works Cited Caroline, Pearce. â€Å"Voice of the Researcher: Extending the Limits of What Counts as Research.† Journal of Research Practice 2 (2007): 7-10. Glase, B. G. furthermore, Strauss, A. L. The disclosure of grounded hypothesis: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1967. Julia, Chaitin. â€Å"Rethinking Critically Reflective Research Practice: Beyond Popper’s Critical Rationalism.† Journal of Research Practice (2006): 3-6. This appraisal on The significance of looking into themes and delineating was composed and put together by client Tristen Porter to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

251 talks avery

251 talks avery hello! im creating a podcast. the tentative name for the podcast is 251 Talks01 honestly, im definitely going to change this name. please help me come up with better names. because all the talks happen in my room, which is room 251. the general goal is to talk to lots of different people at MIT about their experiences here, and about MIT in general. most of the people i talk to will be people on my hall, but today im talking with my friend Avery N. 19, who lives in Pika02 an independent living group. and is a part of Toons.03 a wonderful acapella group that im a part of. the quality of the audio isnt amazing (since im using a Snowball as my mic and my room isnt very sound-proof), and theres lots of things that need improvement for next time, but overall this was an instructive first recording session. im working to get the podcast transcribed, and also get a cover art for the podcast, and also maybe have a cute jingle? c: happy listening~ transcript honestly, i'm definitely going to change this name. please help me come up with better names. back to text ? an independent living group. back to text ? a wonderful acapella group that i'm a part of. back to text ?

Alternate Dispute Resolution And Conflict Resolution

INTRODUCTION Alternate dispute resolution or ADR (commonly called in Australia) is a procedure by which parties in dispute can settle their differences with third parties or any outside source other than the courts. It is a collective effort by which all the parties can settle disputes with or without any outside sources like litigation procedures or courts. In simple words it can be said ADR is a procedure to settle disputes without resorting to the use of litigation or courts. These procedures are generally less costly affair than courts and litigations and are also much more expeditious. ADR is now extensively being used around the world to settle land disputes and commercial disputes. Alternate dispute resolution can be carried out†¦show more content†¦In the decade of 1980’s and 1990’s many people became concerned by the fact that legal procedures like litigation and court became too expensive for resolving disputes. They were also concerned about the fact that litigation and court matters became too time consuming and cumbersome for many lawsuits. This concern gave rise to finding alternative ways to settle disputes among parties rather than approaching courts or litigations and this gave rise to alternate dispute resolution (ADR). Arbitration – Arbitration is a type of alternate dispute resolution which is used to settle disputes outside of litigation courts. In simple words it can said arbitration is where all parties who are in dispute approach an arbitral tribunal or an arbitrator for settling their disputes. In countries like England and United States of America, arbitration is a very widely used technique in the cases of consumer and employment disputes and related matters. Parties who chose the path of Arbitration for settlement of their disputes should agree to abide by the decision which the arbitral tribunal comes up with. There can be a third party who reviews and imposes decisions which are legally binding and enforceable by the court and litigation. In arbitration only limited number of appeals and rights to review are available for the interested parties. Arbitration can be voluntary or mandatory as well as it can be binding and non-binding as well. Non binding arbitration is very

Cultural Perspectives On American Expansionist, Colonial...

As Yehuda Berg said, â€Å"words have energy and power with the ability to help†¦[and] to harm.† Expanding upon his reflection to see varying social perspectives on American expansionist, colonial and slave society contexts, one notes that officials of European descent including Meriwether Lewis, William Clark and John Eliot converted white words and ideas into literal and figurative terms that they believed Native Americans mutually understood to persuade tribal leaders to adopt white mores. Accordingly, some Native Americans responded to these jabs of white coercion through outright resistance while others re-enacted white behaviors to receive preferential treatment from white leaders and gain social influence that had the potential to undermine white hegemony. Building off of these indigenous efforts to reclaim lost territory, many Southern black slaves adapted to the ongoing tolerance of church ministries and loopholes in slave masters’ restrictions to slightly advance African beliefs atop Christianity and syncretically empower black rituals. While white expansionists engaged in brief, unbalanced negotiations to judge and then exploit Native Americans, certain indigenous people broke out of the ongoing Eurocentric decorum of noble savagery with colonial authorities to pursue sociopolitical agency and many black slaves interbred Christian and African beliefs to fashion their own religious subculture over time. Thus, throughout these cases, both white and non white figures ofShow MoreRelatedAmerican Imperialism Essay examples2429 Words   |  10 Pagesworld’s leading imperial powers. Historians have proposed various reasons for this change in the American psyche. Historians from the progressive school of thought argue that economic interests dictated American foreign policy; while academics of the Conservative or older patriotic tradition advocate that the nations brief foray into imperialism represented a â€Å"great aberrationâ €  from typical American isolationism. A third school led by Julius Pratt, applied Social Darwinism to the country – statingRead More Race and Intercultural Relations in the United States Essay2237 Words   |  9 Pagesfootfalls of Europeans upon the American continent’s shores. Each group of settlers and immigrants have brought their own unique perspectives and underlying values to the table. Many of these perspectives have been incorporated into the mainstream way of life, many others however, have been dismissed and discarded as either foreign or outright dangerous. The patterns that have emerged from this interaction of cultures and peoples define who we are today as Americans, not a homogenous amalgam of thoseRead MoreEssay on American Imperialism in the Philippines3614 Words   |  15 PagesSpanish colonizers, America captured the Philippines. This brought about questions of what America should do with the Philippines. Soon, controversy ensued both in the American political arena as well as among its citizens. Throughout its history, America had always been expansionistic, but it had always limited itself to the North American continent. Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, however, there emerged a drive to expand outside of the continent. When America expanded to the Philippines, theRead MoreNotes on American Interventionism3498 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Before World War II, American interventionism was often overt and direct, simply landing troops on the shores of some prospective banana republic and installing a friendly government there. This is exactly what happened in Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic, in some cases more than once. Theodore Roosevelt was hardly shy about admitting that he sent troops to Puerto Rico and the Philippines, taking Panama from ColumbiaRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreRethinking Mercantalism Essay15042 Words   |  61 PagesBritish Empire, and the Atlantic World in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Author(s): Steve Pincus Reviewed work(s): Source: The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 3-34 Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.69.1.0003 . Accessed: 06/09/2012 12:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstorRead MoreThe Mutapa State8269 Words   |  34 PagesChidema areas It has been claimed t...hat his victims were so impressed by his military exploits that they nicknamed him Mwene Mutapa, ‘owner of conquered lands’ or ‘master pillager’, hence the birth of the Mutapa dynasty. He then embarked on an expansionist policy that resulted in the creation of a vast Mutapa empire which stretched from the Zambezi valley into the Mozambique lowlands and towards the fringes of the Kalahari Desert. The Mutapa’s control in these far away lands was probably peripheral

Solid Waste Management Free Essays

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES WITHIN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN NAIROBI: A CASE STUDY OF MATHARE BY Rosemary Kwamboka TABLE OF CONTENTSii LIST OF TABLESiii DEDICATIONiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv ABSTRACTvi 1. 0 INTRODUCTION. 1 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Solid Waste Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 Background of the Study4 1. 3 Problem Statement. 5 1. 4 Justification6 1. 5 The purpose of the study6 1. 6 Hypothesis6 1. 7 Specific objectives6 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW7 3. 0 METHODOLOGY11 3. 1 Area and population of Study12 4. 0 RESULTS14 5. 0 DISCUSSION17 5. 1 Statistical Analysis19 5. 2 Conclusions and Recommendations20 7. 0 REFERENCES23 6. 0 APPENDIX25 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Average Family Size and Amount of Wastes Generated14 Table 2: Income Status of Respondents (Per Month)14 Table 3: Seriousness of Solid Waste Management Problem as Perceived by the Respondents. 14 Table 4: Cleanliness of the Area14 Table 5: Matching Educational Levels with Methods of Solid Waste Disposal. 15 Table 6: Frequency of Solid Waste Removal by Government15 Table 7: Environmental Awareness Campaign15 Table 8: Household Solid Waste Composition in Mathare15 Table 9: Rates of Household Solid Waste Generation in Mathare16 Table 10: ANOVA Statistic for HoI16 Table 11: ANOVA F- Ratio Table for HoI16 ABSTRACT A solid waste management appraisal was undertaken in Mathare, an area affected by poor solid waste management strategy as evidenced by many informal dumping sites. Questionnaires were administered seeking data on demographic and waste management in four zones of the area. The rate of waste generation was determined by sorting and weighing of solid wastes produced by people living in the same house. The weighing was done every Friday of the week for one month. The weights obtained were subjected to ANOVA to determine variation across the four zones. Chi-Square test was used to investigate whether there was relationship between waste produced and family size. It was also used to test relationship between waste disposal methods, level of education and income levels. F-calculated = 3. 34(2. 55), while the value of F from table is 2. 49 hence there was significant variation in the composition of waste generated. Chi-square showed that there was significant relationship between solid waste produced and family size. The critical value of X2 of 2 at 0. 05 level was 5. 99 from table (less than 164 calculated). Hence waste disposal methods also depended on income and education level. In general management of solid waste in Mathare calls for more concerted efforts in the areas of public enlightenment campaigns, regular collection and disposal of generated wastes and extension of services to cover more inhabitants of the area. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION. Wastes are inevitable part of human activity. The problems associated with waste can be traced back to the very beginning of civilization, when humans gathered in communities (Priestly, 1968). Wastes generated then were contained and disposed off by natural processes. However, as population increased and villages grew into towns and then into cities, the amount of waste generated increased. Consequently, wastes were dumped indiscriminately into waterways, empty lands and access roads. The appalling conditions gave rise to epidemics like the ‘‘Black Plague’’ that destroyed large population of Europe in the 14th century (Priestly, 1968). Similar conditions were also experienced in the other continents. The industrial revolution that took place in Europe in the 19th century marked a turning point in waste management. It brought with it, among other things, migration of people from rural areas to towns and cities in search of jobs. The resulting concentration of people in towns and cities gave rise to alarming proportion of wastes being dumped in the streets and waterways. Legislations were passed by the governments of the day in order to curb the indiscriminate dumping of waste. Progress was slow until a positive link was established between vermin infested wastes and the spread of disease. The discovery of pathogens as the agents of diseases that for centuries had been the scourge of mankind, paved the way to the modern sanitary practice. Waste is more easily recognised than defined. Something can become waste when it is no longer useful to the owner or it is used and fails to fulfill its purpose. Solid waste according to Miller (1988) is any useless, unwanted, or discarded material that is not liquid or gas. A great mixture of substances including fine dust, metal, glass, paper and cardboard, textiles, putrescible vegetable materials and plastic characterise solid waste. The term municipal solid waste refers to solid wastes from houses, streets, public places,shops, offices, and hospitals, which are veryoften the responsibility of municipal or othergovernmental authorities. Solid waste from industrial processes are generally not considered†municipal† however they need to be taken intoaccount when dealing with solid waste as theyoften end up in the municipal solid waste stream. While urbanisationin developing countries has contributed to wealth accumulation, it has also been accompanied by an alarming growth in the incidence of poverty. Today, one out of four people in cities lives in â€Å"absolute poverty,† while another one in four is classified as â€Å"relatively poor†. Throughout the developing world it is these urban poor, often in the peri-urban areas, that suffer most from the life-threatening conditions deriving from deficient Municipal solid waste management(Zerbock2003). Municipal authorities tend to allocate their limited financial resources to the richer areas of higher tax yields where citizens with more political pressure reside. Usually as income of the residents’ increases, part of the wealth is used to avoid exposure to the environmental problems close to home, but as waste generation also increases with increasing wealth, the problems are simply shifted elsewhere. Thus even as environmental problems at the household or neighbourhoodlevel may recede in higher income areas, city wide and regional environmental degradation due to a deficient solid waste management remains or increases. Hudson and David (1977) observed thatin every human settlement, the microscopic unit of waste generation is the household. The rate ofgeneration in the household is related to its size,lifestyle, type and quality of housing among othersocio-economic characteristics. In developing countries,an urban generated solid waste crisis is highly attributedto three factors: rapid increase in population,heavy consumption pattern of urban dwellers andinefficiency of the authorities whose statutoryroles include efficient refuse management. As time passes the only certainty is that accumulation of waste will outstrip its control. Throughout the western world, there are no longer enough convenient holes in the grounds into which to tip unwanted matter. The third world, having refused to become the â€Å"dustbin† of the western world, also lacks appropriate storage facilities, treatment technologies, and good methods of disposal for its waste. Nairobi like many cities in the world suffers from poor waste management. Waste management is not an isolated phenomenon that can be easily classified and solved with one strategy. It is particularly an urban problem that is closely related, directly or indirectly, to a number of issues such as urban lifestyles, resource consumption patterns, jobs and income levels, and other socio-economic and cultural issues. All these issues have to be brought together on a common platform in order to ensure a long-term solution to urban waste (JICA 1998). Rapidly growing, informally constructed low-income residential areas present a particular challenge to Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM). Besides the physical constraints of dense, low-income settlement, the inadequacies of other infrastructure services such as roads, drains and sanitary facilities often exacerbate waste management problems. The access of collection vehicles or push carts may be difficult where roads and foot-paths are npaved, for example. Existing drains are often clogged with waste materials, and solid waste itself may be contaminated with faecal matter. These conditions lead to a proliferation of vermin and disease vectors, and increase environmental health risks. The interrelated nature of service problems and the active role of residents- who are often owner-builders of their house call for adapted, sectorally integrated dev elopment approaches which depend, to a considerable degree, on the cooperation and participation of residents . There is no single solution to the challenge of waste management. The waste management process is usually framed in terms of generation, storage, treatment, and disposal, with transportation inserted between stages as required. Hence, a combination of source reduction, recycling, incineration, and burring in landfills and conversion is currently the optimal way to manage solid waste. 1. 2 Background of the Study In Kenya like in many other developing countries, typically one to two thirds of the waste generated is not collected. As a result, the uncollected waste, which is often also mixed with human and animal excreta, is dumped indiscriminately in the streets/wards and in drains, contributing to flooding, breeding of insect and rodent vectors and the spread of diseases such as cholera. Poverty Eradication Plan recognizes that waste management is almost non-existent in Kenya. It denotes that for instance in Nairobi, refuse is collected from only 20% of the population and only half of it is disposed in a proper way with the rest being dumped indiscriminately (Senkoro 2004/2005). Furthermore, little attention has been given to waste water disposal and storm drainage. Drainage is poor and limited to major roads and pathways. Most local governments and urban agencies have, time and again, identified solid waste as a major problem and this has been attributed to poor institutional arrangements, poor technologies used and lack of the capacity to handle wastes. This has reached proportions requiring drastic measures. We can observe three key trends with respect to waste – increase in sheer volume of waste generated by urban residents; change in the quality or make-up of waste generated; and the disposal method of waste collected, by land-fill, incineration among others. It is important that the right action be carried out at the right level. Thus, actions at the household level should be predominantly social, technology and economic in nature. Similarly actions to be taken at the state and nation level should also be predominantly economic, political and administrative in nature. 1. 3 Problem Statement. Despite several efforts, legal and institutional frame works that are in place to enhance proper waste management, there is still persistent poor waste management. It is estimated that Nairobi City Council (NCC) spends United States Dollars 1. 53 million per month to remove only 30% of the total waste generated (Simmens 2000). As amounts of solid waste increase, the cost of its removal increases too. Yet NCC does not have sufficient resources to completely and efficiently carry out this responsibility due to lack of proper institutional arrangements, poor technologies like modern trucks and the lack of the capacity by the council to handle the wastes generated. The result has been delays in disposing off this garbage. Also the communities are ignorant of the best way to manage the waste, as there is a little community initiative to undertake collective action. The local people involved in this study area are considered to be poor. Therefore they are vulnerable to health hazards and environmental negative effects resulting from the delayed removal of solid wastes. Solid waste at informal disposal sites produces toxic gases, bad odour and creates air pollution. Given this situation there is need to promote complimentary alternatives such as community initiatives to remove garbage. The microscopic unit of waste generation is the household. The rate ofgeneration in the household is related to its size,lifestyle, type and quality of housing among othersocio-economic characteristics. This problem of poor waste management requires innovative solutions and one of the solutions could be a participatory approach where the local people are involved to define the problem and then propose the solutions. Therefore, this study sought to explore the quantity of solid produced and possible measures which should be undertaken at household level to curb the same. . 4 Justification There are plenty of informal dumping sites due to the lack of collection of solid waste. These are mainly due to improper solid waste management at household level. Dumping sites pose a great health hazard to the inhabitants of the area. This has led to increased incidences of diseases such as coughs, diarrhea, fever among others, hence increasing public expenditure on drugs. There is consistent bad odour from the dumpsites. The aesthetic value of the area is also greatly reduced. 1. 5 The purpose of the study The purpose of this study was to establish the quantity of solid waste produced and variation in the composition of household waste generated within Mathare. 1. 6 Hypothesis There is variation in the composition of household waste generated in Flats, Madoya and Ngei 2. There is no significant relationship between household size and amount of wastes generated. 1. 7Specific objectives ?To find out the means used to collect, transport and dispose off wastes. ?To establish the variation in composition of household waste generated. 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW Waste is a man-made substance in a given time and places which in its actual structure and state is not useful to the owner or is an output without an owner and purpose. In other words, waste is anything that we no longer need. It is also commonly referred to as rubbish, trash, garbage, refuse, effluents and â€Å"unwanted or unusable materials† (Zake 2007). It is important to note that wastes take two forms that is; solid or liquid wastes. Solid wastes refer to particles or materials which are no longer useful to their owners and which require to be discarded. They are movable objects, which have no direct use and or no ‘current’ market value or no use to the individual that they require to be disposed off. They are both organic/biodegradable for instance the waste generated from animal and plant remains; it may be broken down by living organisms such as bacteria, protozoa and fungi. This form of waste occurs as green plant tissue waste, food remains, paper, animal and waste (faeces and urine), and non-organic/non bio- degradable wastes, is that form of waste that cannot be broken down by living organisms. It includes metals, polyethylene, most plastics and rubber. Most non biodegradable wastes are produced from manufacturing industries. (Thomas-Hope 1998). On the other hand, Liquid wastes refer to waste materials that contain full liquids. These include waste water from industries, households; sewerage and leachates from land fill or garbage heaps. This is equally harmful to the water sources hence endangering both human beings who depend on such water sources and the aquatic life. It also destroys the land and its level of productivity since some of these wastes like grease, paints will deepen into the soils hence affecting the soil alkalinity (Simmens, 2008). The term ‘Waste Management’ includes all issues and processes associated with the generation, processing, and disposal of all categories of wastes produced by human activities or related to human existence; it includes, therefore, the stages of production and minimization, collection, handling and transportation, reuse and recycling, and treatment and disposal of all such wastes (Zake, 2007). Despite the fact that waste handling and transport varies from region to region, country to country, there are waste management concepts that are universally accepted and implemented. These are the waste hierarchy or the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle), the extended producer responsibility (EPR) and the polluter pay principle. According to NEMA (2000), Solid waste management encompasses generation, collection, transportation and disposal of wastes. Authorities have the responsibility to ensure safe, reliable and cost effective removal and disposal of solid waste Garbage is collected from both the well to do households and poor ones. The management of solid waste is one of the challenges facing many urban areas in the world. Where there is an aggregation of human settlements with the potential to produce a large amount of solid waste; the collection, transfer and disposal of that waste has been generally assumed by municipal authorities in the developed world. The format varies, however in most urban areas. Garbage is collected either by a government agency or private contractor, and this constitutes a basic and expected government function in the developed world (Zerbock2003). Waste management is undertaken mainly to minimize the effect of wastes on resource loss and conservation, health, environment, costs and aesthetics. It incurs financial and social and other costs including ‘external’ costs. The term includes the issue of ‘regulation’ of the various aspects of management of wastes. (Gourlay, 1992) Waste management is the process by which products and by-products generated by business and industry are collected, stored, transported, treated, disposed off, recycled or reused in an effort to reduce their effect on human health. Therefore, a properly managed waste; that is well collected and sorted recycled, treated, disposed off ygienically will promote a clean and safe environment to live in. Waste management is practiced by small businesses when they collect and sort their wastes, recycle their wastes, treat their wastes, dispose of their wastes or implement ways of reducing their waste (Simmens2008) Municipal solid waste (MSW) management has become a major issue of concern formany developing nations. The problem is compounded by rapid urbanization rapidlytaking place in m any developing countries where 30-50% of populations is urban(Thomas-Hope 1998). Some of the consequences of previous waste management policies include; continued air and land pollution, the pollution of fresh and marine waters, resulting in the disruption of ecosystem processes, habitat destruction and species loss. The amount of waste produced also places increasing pressure on the country’s landfills. Increasing amounts of land set aside for landfills could lead to habitat destruction and species loss. (Gourlay1992). Problem areas of Municipal Solid waste management (MSWM) in developing countries can be identified. These are described as inadequate service coverage and operational inefficiencies of services; limited utilization of recycling activities; inadequate landfill disposal, and inadequate management of hazardous and health waste. The quantity of waste arising – solid, liquid and gaseous are generally considered to be growing across the globe as a result of increase in the world’s population, increasing industrialization, increasing urbanization and rising standards of living. (Senkoro 2003) Greatly increased recycling in this country could be reached through several measures. Some analysts claim that 50% to 80% of the nation’s natural resources could be recycled or reused in the near future. Some measures to achieve this include enacting a national bottle bill into law, banning disposable plastic items, requiring labels on products made with recyclable materials and the percentages used, using education and advertisements to discourage the â€Å"throwaway† mentality, requiring households to separate wastes for recycling (or offering financial incentives for doing so), and decreasing subsidies for virgin-material industries, and providing subsidies for secondary-material industries and waste reduction programs. Simmens2000). Indeed the overall problem of MSW is multi-faceted: many organizations, including the United Nations (UN) and various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) advocate for an integrated approach to MSW management by identifying key stakeholders, identifying specific issues which comprise important â€Å"stumbling blocksâ₠¬ , and making recommendations based on appropriate technologies, local information, and pressing human and environmental health concerns (Thomas-Hope1998). 3. 0 METHODOLOGY The study was carried out in four different parts of Mathare namely: Mathare North, Flats, Ngei 2 and Madoya. Questionnaires were administered to 2,060 respondents in these areas. The first part of the questionnaire sought to obtain demographic data such as family size, educational level, occupation and income status. The second part was to obtain information on waste management as regards: cleanliness of the environment, disposal methods and environmental effect of solid wastes among others. Of the 2,060 questionnaires administered 2,001 were received given 97% response. Household approach was used in determining the rate of waste generation in the area. This involved sorting out and weighingwastes from selected households for three consecutive days. One household was selected from each zone. The rates were obtained by dividing the waste measured (in kg) by the number of people in the household. The average for the area was then obtained by adding individual rates for the different zones and dividing by the number of households used. Personal interviews were conducted and at same time using observation method where the occurrence of the social events or phenomenon was recorded. While interviewing, the researcher was guided by both structured and unstructured questionnaires which worked as interview guide. The researcher used questionnaires to people who can ably read and write, and interview guide to people who couldn’t read or write hoping that these would be resourceful sources of information. Interview guides were designed and reviewed by the researcher. Both open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires were used for data collection. Mostly closed-ended questionnaires were used to collect easily analyzable data. A set of question guides were prepared for reference by the researcher and once acceptable the questionnaires were pre-tested before they were finally put to use. Secondary data is the use of already collected data that was not specifically gathered for the research question at hand. The 2009 census and housing report came in handy in knowing the population of the respective areas (GOK 2011). Masterplan on Solid Waste Management in Nairobi in by JICA n 1998 explained the various factors contributing solid waste management problems in Nairobi. Intergrated solid waste management plan for Nairobi for the city of Nairobi(2010) by United Nation Environment programme(UNEP). Solid waste contained in plastic bag was weighed and then sorted into respective groups. The weight of a certain group was divided by total weight and multiplied by 100 to get the percentage. The percentages obtained were tested using analys is of variance (ANOVA) to determinevariation in the composition of waste in the four study areas. Chi-Square (X2) technique was used to test for relationships between household size and amount of waste generated, educational attitude to people’s waste disposal methods and income versus peoples demand for improved solid waste management. 3. 1 Area and population of Study Mathare is the second largest slum in Kenya after Kibera, and probably the third largest in the south of sub-Sahara Africa. It has an estimated population of more than half a million, which forms almost a quarter of Nairobi city population. The host country has a total population of 38. 6 million (GOK 2011). The slum is located 4. 5 kilometres from the Nairobi city centre. Initially, Mathare was a quarry but due to protracted poor economic condition that the country has been experiencing in the recent past, this quarry was turned in to informal human settlement . Indeed the population living here is not out of their own choice but rather dictate of the prevailing poor economic condition. The area is characterized with clumped informal structures. There is no proper infrastructure or even a sewer line. One of the greatest challenges of the people in this area is the disposal of the human waste. There are about a few public toilets, which are only accessible by the very advantaged people, and therefore a good number of the people opt for open toileting and other â€Å"flying† toileting. 4. 0 RESULTS Table 1 shows the average family size and the amount of wastes generated. Table 1: Average Family Size and Amount of Wastes Generated Average size of familyTotal respondentsAmount of waste(in Kg)Percentage(of total),% Less than 5 persons84893320. 7 6-10 persons7902278161. 7 More than 10 persons361792. 117. 6 Total20014506. 1100 Table 2 shows the income status of respondents. It aims to show the purchasing power hence consumption. Table 2: Income Status of Respondents (Per Month) Income, KshsNumber of RespondentsPercentage,% Less than 500076938. 4 6000-1500078039 15000-3000029114. 5 31000-500001105. 5 Above 50000512. 6 Total2001100 Table 3 shows the gravity of solid waste management according to the respondents. Table 3: Seriousness of Solid Waste Management Problem as Perceived by the Respondents. PerceptionNumber of RespondentsPercentage,% Not serious39019. 5 Not very serious26913. 4 Serious41120. 6 Very serious88144. 0 No opinion 502. 5 Total2001100 Table 4 shows the cleanliness of the area according to the respondents. Table 4: Cleanliness of the Area SituationNumber of ResponsesPercentage,% Very dirty59229. 6 Dirty67833. 9 Okay58029. 0 Clean 613. 0 Very clean904. 5 Total2001100 Table 5 matches educational levels with methods of solid waste disposal. Table 5: Matching Educational Levels with Methods of Solid Waste Disposal. Disposal methods Respondents by Educational Level No EducationLittle EducationHigher EducationRow Total% Street bins9814018041821 Throw on open land3012192154127 Bury it5030391196 Feed to animals302120713. 5 In drains /street1991503138019 Burn it1011399933916. 9 Burn/bury it2151611336. Total8007504512001100 Table 6 shows the frequency of solid waste removal by government. This aims to show the seriousness of government in solving the problem. Table 6: Frequency of Solid Waste Removal by Government FrequencyNumber of ResponsesPercentage,% Daily1306. 5 Weekly28814. 4 Once a month (at most)56128. 0 Not at all102251. 1 Total2001100 Public awareness is important in enlightening the p eople on the effects of improper solid waste management. It aims at reducing the cascade effects. Table 7: Environmental Awareness Campaign AwarenessNumber of ResponsesPercentage,% Yes66033 No134167 Total2001100 Table 8: Household Solid Waste Composition in Mathare Sample CompositionNgei 2Mathare NorthFlatsPercentage,% Putrescibles21151617. 3 Polythene/cellophane40221519 Paper14101412. 7 Metal1011910 Glass 71098. 7 Textiles 9121311. 3 Fines (ash, dust and sand)10121412 Miscellaneous 9 810 9 Table 9 shows solid waste generation in the study area. Table 9: Rates of Household Solid Waste Generation in Mathare ZoneRate (in kg/p/day) Mathare North0. 49 Flats0. 41 Ngei 20. 45 Madoya0. 44 Table 10: ANOVA Statistic for HoI CompositionNgei 2(x1)Mathare North(x2)Flats(x3) (X1)2(x2)2(x3)2 Putrescibles211516441225256 Polythene/cellophane202215400484225 Paper141014256100256 Metal1019100181 Glass71094910081 Textiles9131381169169 Fines (ash, dust and sand)101214100144256 Miscellaneous98108164100 F0. 05 (2,21)=2. 49 Table 11: ANOVA F- Ratio Table for HoI (a) Source of Variance, (SV)(b) Sum of Squares, (SS)(c) Degree of Freedom (D/F)(d) Variance Estimate (V/E) Between Samples37502535. 71 Within Samples-336621160. 29 Total Variance38423 Table 12: Chi-Square Frequency Table for HoII Household SizeNumber of ResponsesAmount in KgPercentage,% Less than 5 persons84893320. 7 6-10 persons792278161. 7 More than 10 persons36179217. 6 X20. 05(2)=5. 99 5. 0 DISCUSSION Majority (59%) of the respondents fall within the economically active group (20- 50 years). The interest here is that they have the purchasing power to consume and hence generate wastes. A good proportion of the respondents are married. But singles dominate by a narrow margin. Married life affects family size which in turn influences consumption patterns and waste generation and management. Married people encourage meals that are African in nature and minimum packaged food with attendant wastes like cellophane materials. Single people on the other hand consume more of packaged foods which generate cellophane materials as wastes. With respect to the family size, most families have less than 5 members, or at most 6-10persons as depicted in Table 1. Large familiesgenerate more waste than small size families. Income status of a people is an instrumental factor in demanding for goods andservices. The income status of the respondents is presented in Table 2. The table reveals that 39% of the respondents earn between 6, 000. 00 –15,000. 00 per month; while 38. 4% of the respondents earn less than 5,000. 00 per month. The rest earn above 15,000. 00 per month. These figures were chosen because they represent the ranges within which peoples income fall. It is clear that low income earners (? 15,000. 00) dominate the sample surveyed (77. 4%) The gravity of a problem is visualized by the perception of the people affected or concerned. In the study area, majority of the people considered the problem of managing solid wastes as very serious (44%) as indicated in Table 3. In terms of cleanliness of the area, about 64% of the people described the area as being either very dirty or dirty (see Table 4). The preference of educated people to adopt better methods of waste disposal could be higher than illiterates, see Table 7. It is obvious from the table that most of the people who throw refuse on open land and drains are uneducated. Those who keep waste bins or burn it are mostly those with higher education. In general 46% of the respondents either throw their waste on land or in drains/street. Only 21% of the respondents deposit their waste in bins where they can be transferred to the designated points for ultimate disposal. This is in consonance with the observations of, Muthiomi et al (2005) that solid waste management fall short of expectations in urban areas of Kenya because of use of unconventional and non environmental friendly methods of disposal. Table 6 shows the frequency of removal of solid wastes by government agencies. Majority(51. 1%) of the respondents reported that wastes are not removed from their areas. While 28% said wastes are evacuated at most monthly. This delay in the removal of wastes from points of generation constitutes a potential source of pollution. For instance, pollution of groundwater by leaching and percolation and stream waters by surface runoff. Besides delay in evacuation, public enlightenment campaigns to sensitize the public on the need to preserve the quality of the environment have not being satisfactory as indicated in Table 7. The household solid waste composition in Mathare was studied by sorting and weighing. Three zones namely Ngei 2, Mathare North and flats were selected for this study. It is clear from Table 8 that the dominant materials are putrescibles (food remnants, fresh leaves and vegetation etc). The decomposable wastes could be reused as compost manures. Others such as papers and metals are recyclable. Table 9 shows rate of solid waste generation in the study area. Mathare North generates 0. 49 kg/p/day and is the highest for the area. While the least value of 0. 41 kg/p/day was obtained in Flats. On average, the rate of generation of solid waste in Mathare area was calculated to be 0. 44 kg/p/day. 5. 1 Statistical Analysis HYPOTHESIS I Ho – There is no significant variation in the composition of household solid waste generated in Mathare. The data in Table 8 was subjected to ANOVA F ratio test because of its reliability in testing variation among samples. The statistics is shownin Tables 10a and 10b. The computed ANOVA issummarized as follows: i. Total Variance (Total Sum of Square,TSS) =? X2- (? x)2 =384 N ii. Total Degrees of Freedom (D/F total) = N – 1 = 24 -1 = 23 iii. Between Samples Sum of Squares(BSS) = ? x1+ (? x2)2 + (? x3)2 =3750 nx1 nx2 nx3 iv. Between Samples D/F = K – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7 v. Within Samples Sum of Squares, WSS =TSS – BSS = 384 -3750 = -3366 vi. WSS D/F = D/F total – BSS D/F = 23 – 7= 16 F-calculated = 3. 34(2. 5), while the value of F from table is 2. 49. Hence we reject Ho and H1 because F calculated is greater than F-tabulated. This implies there is significant variation in the composition of the household solid wastes generated in Mathare. HYPOTHESIS II Ho – There is no significant relationship between household size and amount of wastes generated. The Chi-Square statistics was employed for this analysis. It’s appropriate in this case because it compares differences between observed and expected (theoretical) frequencies. The values in column three below (Table 13) are obtained from Table 3. The expected frequency for a unicollumn table is given by the mean as 150. 2. While Chi-Square is given as X2 = ? (0-E) 2/2 and Degree of Freedom (D/F) = N – 1 = 3 – 1 = 2. The critical value of X2 of 2 at 0. 05 level is 5. 99 from table (less than 164 calculated, see Table 13). Hence we reject Ho and accept H1. This means there is significant relationship between household size and amount of wastes generated. The results of the Chi-Square test on the other parameters revealed that: i. Education has significant effect on the people’s disposal methods. ii. The effect of income on willingness topay for solid waste managementservices is significant. 5. 2 Conclusions and Recommendations In developing countries, urban generated solid waste crisis is highly attributed to three factors: rapid increase in population, heavy consumption pattern of urban dwellers and inefficiency of the authorities whose statutory roles include efficient refuse management. The Ministry of Environment(2002) attributed the problem of solid waste in urban areas to the following: i) Overgrowing urban population with its characteristic increase in the rate of solid waste generation; i) Inability of the local government councils to cope with the problem of solid waste management due to inadequate technical and financial resources; iii) Peoples belief that solid waste management is a social service and hence their unwillingness to pay for disposal charges ; iv) The inability of people to discern what constitute wastes and reusable wastes. Poor solid waste management ha s the potential of causing flooding. It also encourages the spread of diseases, pollution of ground and surface waters, air pollution, land pollution and can distort the beauty of an area. It could even result in road accident due to obstruction of traffic flow, for instance where refuse are dumped on streets and roads. The processes of field survey, data collection, administration of questionnaires and data analysis has been presented in this report. Based on the findings, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Demographic variables like occupancy rate, socio-economic class and education affect solid waste management. The greater the size of the household the greater the tendency to generate more wastes. 2. Many people (64% of the respondents)believe that it is the responsibility of the government to manage solid waste and hence have care free attitude towards the management of the environment 3. Government’s management of solidwaste is inadequate. This manifests indelays in collection of wastes for disposal and near absence of service in some areas. Also, public enlightenment campaigns have not been satisfactory. 4. There is significant variation in thecomposition of household wastes; the dominant materials are putrescibles and polyphone/cellophane. It is therefore recommended that: Government’s effort should be intensified in the areas of awareness campaigns, provision of equipment and personnel in removing solid wastes as well as ensuring compliance with existing environmental laws. ?Composting the putrescible part of the wastes will be a source of raw material inorganic fertilizer blending plants. 7. 0 REFERENCES 1. Beede, D. N. , Bloom, D. E. ,(1995) The economics of municipal solid waste. World BankResearch Observer, 10(2) 2. Evaluations of Waste Treatment and Disposal Technologies for Municipal SolidWaste. Applied Ecology 58, pp. 2009-255. Kapoor B. S (2001). Environmental Sanitation. Chand and company. Ltd. New Delhi 3. NEERI (1996) Report â€Å"Strategy Paper on Solid Waste Management in India†, pp. 1-7. 4. National Environment Management Authority, 2000 5. NEMA,(1998). Caring for our Environment A Handbook for Local leaders, NEMA in conjunction with Friedrich Ebert stiftung (FES). 6. Zerbock O. ( 2003). Urban Solid Waste Management, Waste Reduction in Developing Countries. Available on http://www. cee. mtu. educ/peacecorps/documents-july03. wastereduction and incineration FINAL. PDF. 7. DEAT. (1999a). National Waste Management Strategy: National waste management strategies and action plans, South Africa. Strategy formulation phase. Version D, 15 October 1999. 8. Agarwal, A. , Singhmar,A. , Kulshrestha, M. , and Mittal, A. K. (2005). „Municipal solid waste recycling and associated markets in Delhi, India?. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 9. Ebreo, A. , Vining, J. (2000). Motives as predictors of the public’s attitudes toward solid waste issues. Environmental Management. 10. Adekoge, O. S. , 1990. Waste Management within the Context of Sustainable Development, FEPA Abuja. 11. Hudson, J. F and David, H. M. , 1997. Solid Waste Generation and Service Quality. Journal of Environ. Eng. Division ASCE 103, pp 935-946 12. Onibokun, A and Kumuyi A. J. , 1999. Ibadan,Nigeria in: Onibokun A. G (Ed) Managingthe Monster: Urban Waste andGovernance in Africa IDRC pp 49-100 13. Ministry of planning ,Government of kenya,2009, Kenya census of population and housing 6. 0 APPENDIX This questionnaire was designed for a research on problems of solid waste management in Mathare. The answers provided therefore shall be treated confidentially. SECTION A: BIO DATA 1. Gender: a. Male b. Female 2. Age: a. Less than 17 yearsb. more than 17 years 3. Marital status: a. Single b. Married 4. Average family size and waste generated: a. Less than 5 persons . 6-10 persons c. More than 10 persons 5. Income status of the respondent: a. Less than 5000 c. 16000-30000 e. Above 50000 b. 6000-15000 d. 31000-50000 5. Educational background: a. No education b. Little education c. Higher education SECTION B: ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF PEOPLE 6. Gravity of Solid Waste Management Problem as Perceived by the Respondent: a. Not serious b. N ot very serious c. serious cerious d. Very serious e. No opinion 7. How clean is the area? a. Very dirty b. Dirty c. okay d. Clean e. Very clean 8. Are there any environmental awareness campaigns carried out? a. Yes b. No 9. How frequent does the government remove solid waste? a. daily b. weekly c. Once a month (at most) d. Not at all 10. How do you dispose of your refuse? a. Street bins b. Throw on open land c. Bury it d. Feed to animals e. In drains/street f. Burn it g. Burn/bury it How to cite Solid Waste Management, Essay examples

Natural Disasters and Their Effect on the Macro Economy Essay Example

Natural Disasters and Their Effect on the Macro Economy Paper It can reduce the numbers in livestock herds, which most of Asia relies on for everyday living needs as well as economic income. Before the end of the summer, the death toll would rise into the thousands. 15 million people were evacuated, and over a million homes destroyed. Nearly 34 million acres of crops were affected by floodwater, with at least an. Or million completely destroyed. By August, direct damage from the floods was estimated at $41 billion. This is something that affected the worldwide agricultural need and demand (Prevention, 2010). Proving the destructive power of natural disasters, even in highly developed nations, Hurricane Strain crushed the gulf coast. Just east of the Bahamas on August 4, 2005 a small, unlikely tropical depression intensified into a tropical storm which was given the name Strain. This storm slowly made its way to Florists southern coast on the 25th where most experts believed the storm would dissipate. Unfortunately, Strains path took it over the everglades allowing it to maintain its category 1 standing that it had acquired before it first made landfall, then entered the Gulf of Mexico. The warm waters of the Gulf fostered the rapid development of Strain (Sampler 2010). The above image shows Hurricane Strain at the height of her power. Estimates had Strain making landfall as a category 4, but thankfully it weakened a bit and before it rolled in as a strong category 3. Strain became been responsible for an estimated 1,800 deaths, as well as 100 billion dollars total in damages, of which about percent were uninsured losses. Some economists would put the total economic loss at around 250 Billion dollars (Madame 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Their Effect on the Macro Economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Their Effect on the Macro Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Their Effect on the Macro Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer That made Strain the most destructive natural disaster ever to hit the United States. With all of Strains destruction, the short term effects on the economy were very evident. Only one year after the disaster he United States, the economy was back to normal. In the first three quarters of 2006 the United States had GAP growth of 5. 6 percent, some of the most rapid growth in recent years (Herman 2006). Even though the nation as a whole made a quick economic recovery after Strain, locations that were struck directly, like New Orleans, did not make the turnaround quite as rapidly as hoped. The first few months after Strain the United States economy went into a downward trend. The GAP growth rate dropped from the 4. 2 percent that it had experienced in the first three quarters to 1. 8 percent in the last quarter f 2005. The reason for this impact goes beyond the destruction of property and the primary economic concern; the loss of goods and production capabilities (Herman 2006). Perhaps the most important resource that the gulf region produces is oil. The gulf makes up about 30 percent of Americas oil production and distribution. The effects of Strain resulted in the destruction of 113 offshore platforms, and nearly 500 oil and gas pipelines (Madame 2011). The loss of this production led to a drastic increase in gas prices soaring to over 4 dollars per gallon. This drastic rise in prices created a manic, and people rushed to the gas stations to fill up before prices rose again, creating massive lines and much talk about the gloomy forecast of economic woes come. The only positive result from the increasing gas prices was when the Federal government opened the strategic petrolatum reserves. This increase in gasoline prices surprisingly did not have as much of an impact as speculators feared, other than peoples outlook on the situation. There were some effects. Though mostly food price centered. The three main goods that saw a notable impact were the prices of bananas, rice and sugar (Levitate 2006). The primary reason for the increase in the rice and sugar prices is because the Louisiana Mississippi area is responsible for 85 percent of the sugar cane production, and 14 percent of the rice production in the United States (Levitate 2006). The drastic loss in production from that area was softened by short-run increases in the other producers of those crops. This ability to increase short-run production is a factor that contributes to the resiliency of free-market economies. Though the nationwide effects were not all that staggering the effects in New Orleans the months following Strain were devastating. With 80 percent of the city flooded, hundreds of thousands of people were forced to flee the city of New Orleans, many never to return again (Blackburn 2010). This drastic loss in population coupled with the destruction of approximately 200,000 homes and businesses led New Orleans and the surrounding areas into a dire economic situation. In the first few months after Strain, Louisiana lost 12 percent Of the states 214,000 jobs (Herman 2006). One result of the loss of jobs was a drastic raise in mortgage delinquency rates (Herman 2006). This inability to pay is more than likely a contributing actor to the very low rate of return from people who were forced to evacuate their homes by Strain. Those that did find the resolve to return to stay were in a desperate situation. New Orleans, whose primary industry is tourism, suffered great losses after the storm. They desperately needed to be able to find a way to bring back the American and foreign tourist in order to fuel the creation for more jobs. The drop in tourism is best reflected by the attendance rates in New Orleans famous Marci-Grass and Jazz Festivals. Both events had roughly a 30 percent drop in attendance from previous years (A ear after Strain, New Orleans desperately seeking tourists 2006). Art of the reason for the delay in the return of the tourism industry is the mass clean-up that had to take place first. Before anyone could return and maintain normal operations, there was still 118 million cubic yards of debris to be cleaned up. (Madame 2011) Thanks to efforts by FEM., the Red Cross and many church ministries across the country, there was much help to be found. However, despite the efforts of all these groups, New Orleans a year after the incident was still working its way very slowly towards full recovery. With the aid that had come into the city, organizations were able to rebuild infrastructure and make great improvements to both education and government. In fact, post Strain New Orleans has experienced steady growth in almost every way, including education levels, over the last 6 years as shown by the chart below Though it took about a year for it the effects to show and recovery to really make a strong step forward, the relief money that came into New Orleans and the other areas affected by Hurricane Strain did what the nation was hoping it would; help restore one of Americas cultural and industrial centers. The economic turnaround in New Orleans shows how an initial investment in the form of government aid, insurance claims, and private donations can improve the economy of an area affected by a natural disaster. If this idea can hold to be true with the most costly natural disaster in American history, it should work with other costly natural disasters as well. Though maybe part of New Orleans success lay in the restructuring of their government and school systems in addition to the monetary support. Though the economy of the areas affected improve without bringing down he rest of the nations economy, suffering this type of event might not prove to be true in countries with weaker economies. Also, if a disaster like this was to hit a city like Los Angels or New York, like Irene almost did, it is still speculator to say if there would be similar results. One thing can be said for certain, Americas ability to maintain long term economic growth despite short term impacts, like Strain shows the resiliency of America as an economic super-power. Other economic super powers, like Japan, are trying to find this same formula for economic recovery. In the Case of Japans 9. Magnitude earthquake on March 11, 2011, the loss of clean water, electricity, infrastructure, production lines, financial institutions, and more than 15,000 lives caused what the Prime Minister of Japan called the The most difficult crisis for Japan since World War II. However difficult it has been, people have been recovering from the loss of loved ones, injury, and the general trauma of the disaster. Perhaps the greatest and most uncertain long term effects brewing are the economic impacts on the world market. Many large industries and economic functions have been hurt, causing price inflation in hose industries throughout the world. Since March 11, 201 1, nations around the world have had to adjust their consumption in accordance with the loss of production in Japan. Several car companies, such as Toyota and Honda, had their production of car parts slowed, and electronics producers experienced the same effects (Seed, 2011). This has been felt worldwide. For example, Toshiba, who produces roughly 30 percent of the worlds computer chips that store data in smart phones, cameras, and laptops, closed down several factories due to economic losses and physical damages. Events like this are what caused the average price of a hip with eight gigabytes of memory to rise from 7. 30 dollars to around 10 dollars just three days after the earths quake and tsunami struck (Helot, 2011 Obviously, the price of computer chips is not the only price that has risen. Because computer chips are more expensive, new phones, laptops, televisions, cars, cameras, electronic billboards, and complex machinery will have a rise in price to cover the cost of parts and production. This effect will be felt for months, and maybe even years in an already instable world economy. Many of these products are produced in Japan; the world export racket has been greatly affected because of that. Japans exports have decreased, causing increased economic uncertainty. The macroeconomic result of this is that investors tend to pull away from the increasing risk of pumping money into Japan and look for safer and smarter industries and nations to try to grow their profits (Sahara, 201 1). One of the most fascinating things about todays economy is that everything is so globally connected. Because of this and the slow in Japanese exports, the united States level of consumption of Japanese goods dove 3. 4 percent following the earthquake (Guardian. K, 201 1). If this trend continued throughout the year, then the Japanese economy would have lost 4. Billion dollars from 2010 levels of United States consumption alone (State. Gob, 2011 The disaster and surrounding effects not only caused a decrease of funds going into Japan, but the economic instability caused by the earthquake was devastating in its timing. Japanese and other Asian stock markets plunged as the news of the disaster spread, and this is coming on the heels of the U. S. Stock market falling nearly 2 percent the date before. Not only that, but the earthquake caused trundling European stocks to fall to three month lows (Cobwebs. Mom 2011). This goes to show that natural disasters can cause a myriad of negative factors in an economy, and that a spike in uncertainty can be one of the most demoralizing. That uncertainty does not just surface in the stock markets, but also in global financing. The Japanese currency, the Yen, had a significant surge the day after the massive earthquake struck (Bloomberg-corn, 201 1 This is said to be credited to the immediate cleanup, repair, and reconstruction needs that Japan incurred following the damages. The long-term effects of the boost in the alee of the Yen are still unknown, but it has made the Yen rise in demand in recent months, despite fluctuations since the initial rise in trading worth (Bernard, 2011). The Yen is currently becoming stable once again, eight months after its spike in March then fall in April. Japan has done well in its recovery considering that the Yen hit recent year record lows in April. This graph shows the trading value of the Yen in the past year (Foreleg. Org, 201 1). The value of the Yen is not the only financial issue at stake. Japan is one of the major foreign holders of US. Government and corporation debt. With Japans Debt-to-GAP ratio at 200 percent, and massive amounts of government spending looming in the rebuilding of the thousands of buildings and roadways lost, Japan is in great need of more money (CIA. Gob, 2010). Because of this, the current interest rates that U. S. Corporations are paying on their international loans could increase in an effort to generate more revenue in Japan (NATO, 201 1). In turn, corporations would not be able to borrow as much money for new capital investment, thus hurting the consumption and job creation in the United States at a time when jobs are greatly needed with unemployment rates near nine percent (BLISS. Ova, 2011 Jobs are a big issue in Japan too. With many of the more than 15,000 killed and nearly 6,000 injured people being a part of the Japanese work force, and tons of cleanup and construction to be done, companies and the government have had to hire thousands of new workers to satisfy the demand for work (Japanese National Police Agency, 201 1). After a brief climb in unemployment because of the direct aftermath of the earthquake, numbers dropped to a recent history record low of 4. 1 percent (Tragicomedies. Com, 2011). Once organization was restored, Japan began to utilize its workforce to combat the halogen of rebuilding cities. It is perhaps a gruesome yet effective means of increasing job demand in a nation when its economy was unsettlingly devastated. Since the record drop in unemployment, Japan has had what could be considered a Recovery boom. On November 14, 201 1 , a news article stated: Gross domestic product grew at an annulled 6 percent in the three months ending Seep. 30, the fastest pace in 1 1/2- years, the Cabinet Office said today in Tokyo. At 543 trillion yen ($7 trillion), economic output was back to levels seen before the March 1 1 earthquake, the report showed. Japans return to Roth after three quarters of contraction was driven by companies including Toyota Motor Corp.. Making up for lost output from the disaster. A sustained rebound will depend on how much reconstruction demand can offset a slowdown in global growth as Rupees debt crisis damps global confidence and an appreciating yen erodes profits (Sharp, 2011 The fact the Japan is now back to its pre-earthquake GAP level is remarkable. It initiates again the Idea of what is known to economists as The Broken Window Fallacy. The theory is that an economy can create jobs and achieve higher employment levels though the destruction Of the current odds that exist. However, the destruction comes at a cost of replacement that, in the end, is not going to create a net gain, but will instead create a loss or quick-fix break even because businesses will be stimulated, but run less efficiently in the long run. Only time will tell if Japans growth over the last few months is simply a rebound or if the disaster caused a rethinking of how things should be done and built, therefore creating a more efficient, productive Japanese economy. Economists will be watching closely to spot trends. Another disaster that could have the same categories of effects on a such smaller scale is Hurricane Irene. The northeastern U vs.. Experienced the worst flooding since the existence of many towns and buildings of the region. Since only three months have passed since Irene made landfall on the New England area on August 28, 201 1, the long term impact Of the estimated 45 billion dollars in losses are still speculative (Moronic, 201 1). Given the current status of the American economy, any damages of the storm are probably being felt most nationwide right now, if compared to the time table of Japans economic fall and rise with respect to the earthquake in March. The U. S. May see a slight drop in unemployment ND a rise in capital investment as part of the restoration of Urines damages, but most likely, no real growth will come out of it. However, the increase in consumption in order to rebuild the damaged parts of the northeast may spark a rise in consumer confidence, and that is what America desperately needs. A natural disaster in a third world country might bring in more money in aid than that countrys economy could have ever produced on its own, making a very positive economic impact. But, as far as the number go, in a developed nation like the United States or Japan, natural disasters cause little more than large scale broken window fallacy case study. A hurricane, earthquake, or other disaster can bring forth events that build intangible benefits such as consumer confidence, improved organization of infrastructure, or more efficient ideas, but most real development and confidence comes from ingenuity, not devastation. However, it is hard to argue against the fact that necessity is the mother Of invention, or in this case, restructured success.